Types of sentences complete notes 10th class english grammar

10TH CLASS ENGLISH GRAMMAR

CHAPTER-2(TYPES OF SENTENCES)

Types of sentences complete notes 10th class english grammar

What is a sentence?

A sentence is a combination of words heaving a complete & independent meaning.

Ex:- Rama is a good boy .

        Rama boy good a is (not a sentence )

Clause

A clause is a sentence or maybe a part of a sentence which has a subject & predicate.

·       The verb must have a finite verb.

Finite verb

The verb states the tense of the verb & has an agreement with the subject.

  Types of verbs

Verb is of two types

1.    Main verb / Principal verb                                          

2.     Auxiliary verb / helping verb                                   

Main verb

1.    Finite verb (ସମାପିକା କ୍ରିୟା)

2.    Non-finite verb (ଅସମାପିକ କ୍ରିୟା)

Finite verb

The verb changes according to the subjects number, person, tense

Ex:- I am a player.

       He is a player.

       They are players.

Past

He was a player.

·       The first word in a verb phrase is called a finite verb

·       Finite verb:- single verb / first verb

Sentence are 3 types

1.    Simple sentence  (ସରଳ ବାକ୍ୟ)                                       

2.    Compound sentence  (ଜୌଗିକ ବାକ୍ୟ)                                    

3.    Complex sentence  (ଜଟିଳ ବାକ୍ୟ)

 Simple sentence (ସରଳ ବାକ୍ୟ)

A sentence consisting of only one clause with a single subject & predicate.

Ex:- 1)The sun rises in the east.            2)He is a teacher.

Kinds of simple sentences

There are 4 types of simple sentences

1.    Declarative sentence (ବିବ୍ରୁତିସୁଚକ ବାକ୍ୟ)

2.    Interrogative sentence (ପ୍ରଶ୍ନସୁଚକ ବାକ୍ୟ)

3.    Imperative sentence  (ଅପରିହାର୍ଯ୍ୟ ବାକ୍ୟ)

4.    Exclamatory sentence  (ବିସ୍ମୟସୁଚକ ବାକ୍ୟ)

Declarative sentence

 A declarative sentence declares or makes a statement and usually begins with the subject.

It states facts / opinions / intention

Ex:- (i) Anil teaches English grammar.  (fact)

       (ii) The story appears very interesting.  (opinion )

      (iii) He is going to sell his car after Holi.  (intention )

Different patterns of Declarative sentence

Transitive verb(ସକର୍ମକ କ୍ରିୟା)

Action that has a direct object                               

Ex:- he is going to school.                      

Intransitive verb(ଅକର୍ମକ କ୍ରିୟା)

Action that doesn’t have a direct object

Ex:- he is going

 (i) SV: Subject           Verb (Intransitive)

            The boy                    came.

            The wind                   blows.

(ii) SVO:subject  Verb (transitive)   Object

               He        answered               question.

               She       will sell               a car.

 

(iii) SVOO:Subject         Verb            Object (Indirect)    Object (direct)

               The postman      gave                me                                a parcel.

               The teacher        taught             us                               geography.

               The guide           showed            us                              the temple.

(iv) SVC:Subject                    Verb                             Complement

                Mr Das                       is                                    a teacher.

                The sky                     got                                     dark.

                He                looks / seems / appears        worried.

                This flower              smells                                  sweet.

(v) SVOC:Subject           Verb                     Object               Complement

                  They              found                     him                           dead.

                 This book        has made            the author                   famous

Interrogative sentence (ପ୍ରଶ୍ନସୁଚକ ବାକ୍ୟ)

A simple sentence that makes a question about something or somebody is said to be an interrogative sentence.

Note:- an interrogative sentence must begin with helping verbs (auxiliary verb) or wh-words (who, what, when, etc)

It is of 2-types

1. wh-questions:- who, when, where, which

2. yes/no questions :- is,am,are(auxiliary)                          

 

Examples:-                                                                                

1.    Did she attend the class yesterday? (y/n)                                

2.    Are you joining the picnic? (y/n)

3.    What are you looking for? (wh-question)

4.    Who wrote the Mahabharata? (wh-question)

Imperative sentences (ଅପରିହାର୍ଯ୍ୟ ବାକ୍ୟ)

A simple sentence that denotes advice, order, request, suggestion, warning, and wish is called an imperative sentence.

Characteristics of an imperative sentence

(i) The subject ‘you’ is not usually used.

(ii) The sentences begin with the verb in their base form.

(iii) The sentences can be made negative.

(iv) There is no change in tense, aspect, voice, and modality.

Examples :

1. Respect your elders. (advice)

2. Please have another cup of tea. (request)

3. March on, soldiers. (command)

4. Let’s go on a picnic. (suggestion)

5. Have mercy on us. (prayer)

6. Beware of pickpockets. (warning)

7. Don’t write on the front page of the answer book. (instructions)

8. Shut the door. (order)

9. Have a smooth journey. (wish)

Exclamatory Sentences : (ବିସ୍ମୟସୁଚକ ବାକ୍ୟ)

A Simple sentence that expresses the feelings of admiration, surprise, pain, and excitement is called an Exclamatory sentence.

Note:- exclamatory sentences cannot be changed into negative sentences.

Ex:- what an excellent singer she is

        what an excellent singer she is not (

Note:- exclamatory sentences can be turned into declarative & vice versa.

Ex:- How stupid he is  (exclamatory)

       He is very stupid. (declarative)

 Compound sentence:-

      The sentence which has two or more independent clauses joined by coordinating conjunctions or coordinators is called a compound sentence.

Coordinating conjunctions:-

And, But, Yet, Still, Nevertheless, Or, Or Else, Either Or, Neither Nor, Not Only ……… But Also, Otherwise, Therefore, So, For, Besides, Both ………… End.

Uses:- 

And  →  Both are positive

Ex:- He came and stayed for a week.

But   → Contrasting  [ (+ve) + (-ve) ]

Ex:- He is very hardworking but he is not intelligent.

Yet  →  (-ve) + (+ve)

Ex:- He is not rich, yet he is happy.

Still  →  (-ve) + (+ve)

Ex:- She did not do much work, (but) still, she passed the examination.

Nevertheless  →  (-ve) + (+ve)

Ex:- There was no news; nevertheless, she went on hoping.

Or, Either-Or & Neither ... Nor →  When 2 options available

Ex:-  He watches television or goes out to the playground.

Or Else & Otherwise  → Warning ⚠

Ex:- Work hard, or else you will fail.

Ex:- Take care, otherwise, you will fail.  

Therefore   →  If the 1st action depends on 2^nd action

Ex:- He was taken ill, therefore he could not attend the party.

So  → I was very hungry, so I wanted to have an early lunch.

For  → He found it increasingly difficult to read, for his eyes were failing.

Besides,  → I don’t want to go to the cinema, besides I am feeling tired.

Conjunction in pair (correlative conjunctions)

Note:- Neither ... nor, either ... or, not only ... but also, both ... and are also called ‘correlative

conjunctions or ‘correlatives’, for they go in pairs and are related to each other. These

correlatives usually join two alternatives.

Either Or  →  Both positive

Ex:-  Either you leave or I will.

Neither nor  →  Both Negative

Ex:- He is neither handsome nor is he smart.

Not Only …………. But Also  →

Ex:- He not only liked the house but also bought it.

Both …………. End →

Ex:- He can both sing and act. (Not used in negative sentences)

Steps to combine two sentences using a correlative

Step-1

Identify the parts (or phases) in both sentences that are different.

Step-2

Put Not Only before the part identified in the 1^st sentence and  But Also before the part identified in the 2^nd sentence.

Step-3

Combine both the sentence and leave out only one similar part.

Not only …….  but also:-

Ex:- He is good singer        

        He is a good actor.      

Ans:- he is not only a good singer but also a good actor.

Neither ………. Nor:-

He cannot speak English

He cannot speak Hindi.

Ans:- He can speak neither English nor Hindi.

 COMPLEX  SENTENCES

Definition:- A complex sentence has a dependent clause and an independent clause.

→ Independent clauses are called main clauses. (M.C) and dependent clause are called subordinate clause (S.C)

→ Subordinate clauses start with subordinating conjunction or subordinators like when, because, if, even if, who, which, where, that, so that, although, though, etc.

→ The subordinate clause can be of three different types

1.    Noun clause

2.    Relative / Adjective clause

3.    Adverb clause

Ex:- He found the watch that he had lost .

       M.C → He found the watch

        S.C → That he had lost                                                    

Ex:- Tell me the place of your birth .      

            ↓                        ↓

Independent           dependent

Finite clause             non-finite clause

Tell me where you were born . (both are finite clause)

     ↓                   ↓

M.C                    S.C                 

                                                                                                                             

Thanks for your support